
Boreal Ecology (PhD)
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Architecture
Study the interactions between organisms and their environment in the Boreal Shield and Boreal Forest Biome.

Program Overview
Are you passionate about exploring the intricate relationship of our ecosystems in the northern boreal biome? Join us and participate in interdisciplinary research integrating ecology, biogeochemistry, environmental policy, and sustainable stewardship.
Our Boreal Ecology Ph.D. program provides students with the opportunity to conduct their research thesis in one of three fields of study: Stressed Aquatic Ecosystems, Sustainable Terrestrial Ecosystems, or Conservation and Restoration Ecology.
You will have the chance to work alongside experienced scientists and receive guidance from an Advisory Committee throughout your research. The program is taught in English; however, Francophone faculty members may support Francophone students during their studies.
Students typically take two courses during the first year of studies and focus on research during the following three years. One additional course must be taken after the first year of enrollment in the Ph.D. program. Students are required to successfully complete a Comprehensive Examination within the first 18 months of entrance to the Ph.D. program.
Our Biology Ph.D. students who have a GPA above 75% can be considered for a paid Graduate Teaching Assistantship (GTA) for various undergraduate courses.
After graduation, our students can explore various career opportunities in fields such as academia, resource-based industries, federal and provincial ministries, conservation agencies, environmental enterprises in the private and public sectors, and many others.
Highly collaborative research with members in other Laurentian University units, other research centres in the city, Ontario, and even other provinces and countries.
Small classes and research groups provide unique opportunities for all our students to interact with other peers and faculty members.
Great opportunity to receive a paid Graduate Teaching Assistantship.
Career Outlook
Graduates can rest assured knowing there is a multitude of career options they can explore post-graduation. Some fields include, but are not limited to:
- Academia
- Research and Development
- Federal and Provincial ministries
- Conservation Agencies
- Environmental consultant
- Resource-based industries

I was a PhD student co-supervised by Dr. Jacqueline Litzgus and Dr. Nicholas Mandrak (University of Toronto Scarborough). I worked collaboratively with the Toronto Zoo to study an endangered population of Blanding’s turtles in Ontario, Canada. Dr. Litzgus provided me with many opportunities to collaborate, network, and pursue my research ideas. Working with Dr. Litzgus was inspiring, and her expertise, knowledge, and guidance were exceptional. Litzgus Lab is a very welcoming space with friendly and supportive individuals. Dr. Litzgus has been a great mentor to me, both professionally and personally. I look forward to future opportunities to work with her.
Tharusha Wijewardena
Program Details
Program language:
English
Delivery method:
On Campus
Please contact the email above, and our recruitment team will get back to you!
Admission Requirements
Applications must fulfill both the General Requirements for Graduate Applications and the Specific Requirement for the Boreal Ecology PhD Applications. All of the information must be compiled and submitted to the Laurentian University Admissions Office.
Applicants will typically have completed a Masters degree, or equivalent, from a recognized university with a minimum grade of B+(75%). Applicants must provide evidence of suitable educational background and potential for advanced research in their selected field of study.
Documentation will include a completed application form, official transcripts from all post-secondary institutions attended by the applicant, curriculum vitae, a two-page ‘Statement of Interest’, three letters of recommendation as well as a form confirming the supervisor. A student applying to the program must have a supervisor confirmed.
Application Process
Step 1. Contact the Graduate Coordinator and/or individual faculty member about the possibility of becoming a student. Students are encouraged to consult the faculty list on the Faculty Members tab in order to identify a potential supervisor (i.e. a faculty member they would like to work with).
Step 2. Click here to submit the online application. Once students have applied, they will receive instructions (typically within 48 hours) from the Office of Admissions leading them to the MyLaurentian portal. Students can access the portal at my.laurentian.ca; sign in credentials will be provided in the correspondence received from the Office of Admissions upon successful completion of an application. The following documents will be required in order to complete an application.
Documents:
- Three Reference Forms (to begin the process at my.laurentian.ca click on "Reference Submission" on the left-hand navigation menu)
- Statement of Interest (to be uploaded via MyLaurentian)
- Curriculum Vitae/Resume (to be uploaded via MyLaurentian)
- Official Academic Transcript(s) from all post secondary studies* (Please note that current or prior Laurentian University students do not need to request transcripts)
*Please note that official transcripts or WES course-by-course (for institutions attended outside of North America) must come directly to the Office of Admissions from the previous post secondary institution by requesting at the time of your application or by contacting the institution's Registrar's Office.
Step 3. Once the Admissions Office receives all information and the application is deemed complete, the application will be forwarded to the department. An Admissions Committee meets to review the applications.
Step 4. The Admissions Committee will review all applications on file and make a decision regarding the suitability of each applicant. The Admissions Committee will then make a recommendation to the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies at Laurentian University. The Graduate Studies office will verify the dossier and if satisfactory, the Dean of Graduate Studies will forward the recommendation to the Office of Admissions at Laurentian University for admission.
Step 5: If approved for admission, the Office of Admissions will send the student an Offer of Admission via MyLaurentian. Applicants wishing to accept the offer of admission must indicate their response on MyLaurentian within 3 weeks of receiving the offer. Once the student has accepted the offer, a transition to the registration process occurs.
How To Apply
To apply for graduate studies, you must complete your application through the Ontario Universities Application Center (OUAC).
For detailed instructions on the application process, see the following pages:
Degree Options
Students must follow these regulations while in the Faculty of Graduate Studies.
Approved Fields of Study:
- Stressed Aquatic Ecosystems
- Sustainable Terrestrial Ecosystems
- Conservation and Restoration Ecology
Program Requirements
BIOL 6000E Doctoral Thesis
BIOL 6056E Doctoral Seminars
3 credits of BIOL at the 5000 or 5000 level
The seminar course is designed to assist students in preparing for their comprehensive exam and the academic career that follows.
If necessary, the Ph.D. Advisor Committee of the student may decide to add other courses as a requirement. To take courses at
other Universities, a permission has to be requested in advance from the Office of Graduate Studies.
Thesis Defence Procedure
Students will be required to present a public seminar and subsequently to undergo an in camera oral defence of their thesis. The Ph.D. thesis evaluation procedure will be established for the University through the office of the Dean, School of Graduate Studies. However, the general features of this procedure are as follows. The Examination Committee for the Ph.D. degree will be composed of a Chair (non-voting), a minimum of two members of the Research Advisory Committee, an examiner external to the Program, and an examiner external to the university. The supervisor will not be a member of the Committee, but will be present at the defence. The Examination Committee will then meet in the absence of the student to discuss his/her performance. The Committee will decide whether the thesis is acceptable for the degree and whether corrections are required before the final approval of the thesis.
The Ph.D. Program in Boreal Ecology has three fields of focus:
Stressed Aquatic Ecosystems
This field deals with research associated with freshwater aquatic systems in the Precambrian Shield and the Hudson Bay Lowlands. It builds upon the excellent research record and databases developed through the collaborative work of the Cooperative Freshwater Ecology Unit, a partnership between Laurentian University, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of the Environment, the City of Greater Sudbury, and the mining industry. As Sudbury has in excess of 300 lakes within the city boundaries and Northern Ontario has many thousands of freshwater lakes, rivers and wetlands, the opportunity to specialize in this area is unlimited. Research topics in this focal area include inorganic metal loading, acid precipitation, global warming, and studies of biotic systems at all trophic levels from prokaryotes to vertebrates.
Sustainable Terrestrial Ecosystems
This field deals with terrestrial ecosystems in the Precambrian Shield and the Hudson Bay Lowlands. It builds on the research record and databases developed through collaborative work between Laurentian University, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and the forestry, mining, ecotourism, and trapping industries. Research topics in this area include the sustainability of woodland caribou populations, biodiversity of aquatic beetles, reintroduction of elk into Ontario, ecology of parasites in boreal birds and mammals, ecology of insects associated with shrubs and trees, forestry and pine marten management, and the impact of both natural and anthropogenic disturbances on boreal ecosystems, and studies on the impact of global warming on terrestrial floristic and faunal communities.
Conservation and Restoration Ecology
This field focuses on disturbed ecosystems within the Precambrian Shield and the Hudson Bay Lowlands. It builds on the internationally-recognized research that spearheaded regreening of the Sudbury region, through collaboration by Laurentian University, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, the City of Greater Sudbury, and the mining industry. Recent visits and collaborations by Scandinavian and Russian researchers emphasized the global aspects of this field. As Northern Ontario provides access to many mining sites and stressed urban ecosystems, there are unique opportunities for those specializing in this field. Research in this focal area includes studies on acid mine drainage, radionuclide contamination, impacts of heavy metals and pH, soil biology, revegetation and recolonization of damaged industrial lands, identification of acid/metal tolerant species, conservation of vertebrates in aquatic habitats, and the modelling of vegetation recovery.
Sample Courses
Notes:
- Except for core courses (BIOL-6000EL Doctoral Thesis and BIOL-6056EL Doctoral Seminars), other courses may not be offered on a regular basis. Be sure to consult an academic advisor when planning your studies.
- Students without a Biology MSc background can be conditionally accepted into the program after completing a set of courses indicated by the admission committee. Admission is conditional on students securing the consent of a faculty member to supervise their research during their PhD studies.
Seminars on topics chosen specifically to acquaint graduates with fields of research other than their own.
Population genetics of plants and animals emphasizing starch gel electrophoresis and karyotyping as analytical methods. Five hours of tutorial and laboratory work per week. Prerequisite: BIOL 3017, or equivalent.
This course considers selected topics in microbiology and consists of extensive reading assignments, tutorials, and seminars. Three hours per week.
Current topics in evolutionary biology are investigated through an in-depth, critical survey of the literature. Course work consisits of reading assignments, tutorials, and a written, critical review of the topic. (3 credits)
Research design and general problem solving by experimental and correlational methods will be discussed and applied to biological situations. Special attention will be given to the problems of procedural artifacts and confounding variables. Conceptual understanding of multiple regression, analysis of variance, discriminant analyses, time series and canonical correlation will be considered, rather than the theory and mechanics of statistical tests. Emphasis will be placed on the applicability of available computer software and on the interpretation of sample outputs. Two lectures per week.
Types of damaged land. Philosophies of reclamation. Land use planning in reclamation. Factors limiting plant growth. Soil amelioration versus tolerant plant introduction. Species selection and the rebuilding of a biocoenose. Soil fauna and microbiota of reclaimed land. The use of chemical analysis and bioassay in planning reclamation techniques. The reconstructed ecosystem and its aftercare. Prerequisite: Instructor's permission. Five hours of lectures/seminars/laboratory work/field trips per week.
A critical review of the current literature in the fields of soil biology and soil plant relationships. Reading assignments, seminars, lectures and tutorials with emphasis on discussion and student participation at all levels. The content of the course is determined by needs and research interests of the participating students. Three hours per week.
The quality of the environment as affected by industrial, forestry, and agricultural practices. Effects of selected industrial pollutants on the ecology and physiology of indicator organisms, use of biomonitors for detecting short and long distance transport of pollutants. Part of the course content is determined by the research interests of participating students. At least three hours of lectures, seminars and field work per week.
Lectures, reading assignments and seminars will be employed in examining current topics and advances in entomology. Part of the course content is determined by research interests of participating students. Three hours per week.
This course will be based on the analysis, mainly through readings, scientific literature review and oral presentations of findings by the student, of the relationship between the behaviour of animals and their interaction with their environment. Possible topics include behavioural thermoregulation, optimal foraging behaviour, time and energy budgets, effects of body size on the behaviour of homeotherms, and environmental factors such as ambient temperature and microclimate, plant cover, predator-prey relationships, conspecifics and mates. The study of these relationships will emphasize across-taxa examinaton of behavioural solutions as well as behavioural compromises in response to specific environmental regimes. Where appropriate, emphasis will be placed on mathematical or descriptive modelling, the degree of generalization among taxa, and the quantification of relationships as a predictive tool in ethology. Three hours of tutorials/seminars per week, three credits.
Ce cours sera axé sur l'étude, surtout par l'entremise de lectures dirigées, de revue de la littérature scientifique et de présentations orales, de la relation entre le comportement animal (insectes, invertébrés et vertébrés) et les facteurs de l'environnement. Les sujets à l'étude pourront inclure la thermorégulation comportementale, la quête optimale de nourriture, les budgets de temps et d'énergie, l'effet de la taille corporelle chez les homéothermes, et les facteurs environnementaux tels la température et les microclimats, le couvert végétal, les prédateurs, les proies, les congénères et les partenaires sexuels. L'étude de ces relations mettra en relief l'examen inter-taxon des solutions ou les compromis comportementaux face à un contexte environnemental donné. Au besoin, l'emphase sera portée sur l'étude des modèles mathématiques ou descriptifs, le degré de généralisation inter-taxon, et la quantification des relations en tant qu'outils de prédiction en éthologie. Trois heures de travaux dirigés/séminaire par semaine.
Tutorials, instigative lectures, student investigations and examinations of recent publications will be employed to review the current state of knowledge in several major fields of limnology. Five hours per week. Prerequisite: BIOL 4756, or equivalent, or consent of instructor. (Not available to students who have taken BIOL 4767.) (Formerly BIOL 5756.)
This course focuses on the emerging field of animal conservation physiology. It covers how organisms ranging from invertebrates to vertebrates respond physiologically to alterations of their environment and the physiological mechanisms accompanying the decline of animal populations. This course also examines common alterations of habitat, the physiology of the response of organisms to stress, and how animal physiology can be used to supporting conservation priorities and biodiversity management. (lec 3) cr 3.
A study of the ecophysiological aspects of animal life and the principles of adaptation; exploration of those strategies which allow vertebrates to adapt to rigorous climatic conditions and selected environmental habitats. Students will be required to undertake either a research project or supplemental study of the literature or a term paper. Two lectures and three hours laboratory per week. (Not available to students who have taken BIOL 4797.)
Faculty Members
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